Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Nguvu	Jaribio Lililodhibitiwa kwa Nasibu (RCT)
Nyanja	Takwimu	Muundo wa Majaribio
Familia	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	1969 (1st ed.); 1988 (seminal 2nd ed.)	1948
Mwanzilishi	Jacob Cohen	James Lind (early precursor, 1747); modern formulation: Austin Bradford Hill & Medical Research Council (1948)
Aina	Sample size and power planning	Interventional comparative study
Chanzo asilia	Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805802832	Schulz, K.F., Altman, D.G., Moher, D., for the CONSORT Group (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials. BMJ, 340, c332.
Majina mbadala	sample size calculation, power calculation, sensitivity analysis, a priori power analysis	RCT, randomised controlled trial, clinical trial, Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma (RCT) Tasarımı
Zinazohusiana	5	7
Muhtasari	Power analysis is a planning and evaluation technique that quantifies the probability of detecting a real effect of a given magnitude at a chosen significance level. It links four quantities — sample size, effect size, significance level (alpha), and statistical power (1 minus beta) — so that researchers can determine the sample size needed before data collection or evaluate the sensitivity of a completed study.	A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard experimental design in clinical and health research, in which participants are randomly allocated to a treatment group or a control group so that the effect of an intervention can be measured with the highest possible degree of internal validity. The modern parallel-group RCT was formalized by Austin Bradford Hill and the Medical Research Council in their landmark streptomycin trial of 1948, and its reporting is governed today by the CONSORT 2010 guidelines (Schulz et al., 2010).