Linganisha mbinu

	Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI)	Kiwango cha vipimo vingi cha msaada wa kijamii unaoonekana (MSPSS)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Trauma	Saikolojia ya Trauma
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1996	1988
Mwanzilishi	Richard G. Tedeschi & Lawrence G. Calhoun	Gregory D. Zimet et al.
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471.	Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.
Majina mbadala	PTGI, Tedeschi and Calhoun PTGI	MSPSS, Perceived Social Support Scale
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The PTGI is a 21-item self-report scale measuring positive psychological outcomes and personal growth reported after trauma exposure. Developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun in 1996, the PTGI operationalizes the construct of posttraumatic growth (PTG)—the experience of positive life change accompanying psychological struggle with trauma. Unlike scales measuring psychopathology or symptom severity, the PTGI captures meaningful psychological and existential shifts often reported by trauma survivors, including enhanced relationships, increased personal strength, spiritual change, and life appreciation.	The MSPSS is a 12-item self-report scale measuring perceived adequacy of social support from three key sources: family, friends, and significant other. Developed by Zimet and colleagues in 1988, the MSPSS assesses the subjective sense that one has available emotional and instrumental support—a critical protective factor against trauma-related psychopathology and a key component of resilience. The scale is widely used in trauma, mental health, and medical research to evaluate social support as both an outcome and a moderator of symptom severity.