Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kuaminika kwa Polytomous	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2007–2009 (formal ordinal extensions); broader framework since 1950s	1969
Mwanzilishi	Building on Cronbach (1951) and McDonald (1978); ordinal extensions by Zumbo and colleagues (2007) and Green and Yang (2009)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Reliability estimation	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Green, S. B. & Yang, Y. (2009). Reliability of summed item scores using structural equation modeling: An alternative to coefficient alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 155–167.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	polytomous scale reliability, ordinal reliability estimation, reliability for ordered-category items, polychoric reliability analysis	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	3	4
Muhtasari	Polytomous reliability analysis estimates the internal consistency or precision of measurement for scales composed of items with more than two ordered response categories, such as Likert-type, rating, or partial-credit items. It corrects a well-known underestimation bias in conventional Cronbach's alpha by working with polychoric correlations or IRT-based precision indices.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.