Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Kipengele cha Polytomous	Uchanganuzi wa Vipengele vya Uchunguzi (EFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Takwimu
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1969–1982	—
Mwanzilishi	Fumiko Samejima (graded response model, 1969); David Andrich (rating scale model, 1978); Geoffrey Masters (partial credit model, 1982)	—
Aina	Item-level psychometric analysis	Latent variable / dimension reduction
Chanzo asilia	Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement, 34(4, Pt. 2), 1–97.	Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
Majina mbadala	ordered-category item analysis, graded response analysis, polytomous IRT, rated-scale item analysis	common factor analysis, açımlayıcı faktör analizi, factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Polytomous item analysis examines the psychometric behavior of items that have more than two ordered response categories — such as Likert-type scales or partial-credit tasks. It evaluates each item's difficulty thresholds, discriminating power, and category functioning to determine whether the full response scale is being used as intended and whether each item contributes reliably to measuring the underlying construct.	Exploratory factor analysis reduces a large set of observed variables into a smaller number of latent common factors. It is widely used in scale development and psychometrics to uncover the dimensional structure that underlies a set of correlated items, without specifying that structure in advance.