Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kipengele cha Kuthibitisha wa Polytomous	Upimaji wa Uthabiti wa Kipimo
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1984	2000
Mwanzilishi	Bengt Muthen	Vandenberg & Lance
Aina	Latent variable / confirmatory measurement model	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure
Chanzo asilia	Flora, D. B. & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491.	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
Majina mbadala	CFA for ordered categories, ordinal CFA, categorical CFA, WLSMV-CFA	Factorial Invariance, Measurement Equivalence, Configural-Metric-Scalar Testing, Ölçüm Değişmezliği
Zinazohusiana	5	3
Muhtasari	Polytomous confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tests a pre-specified factor structure when items have three or more ordered response categories (e.g., Likert scales). By working with polychoric correlations and robust estimators such as WLSMV, it avoids the distortions that arise when ordered categorical data are treated as continuous.	Measurement invariance testing is a sequence of nested confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models that examines whether a psychological scale measures the same latent construct in the same way across distinct groups or time points. Systematized and popularized by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), the procedure tests a hierarchy of constraints — from identical factor patterns to identical item intercepts — so that researchers can justify meaningful group comparisons on latent means.