Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kiwango cha Uvumilivu wa Kisiasa× | Kiwango cha Usaidizi wa Kidemokrasia× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikolojia ya Siasa | Saikolojia ya Siasa |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1955 | 1999 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Samuel Stouffer, James Gibson, John Sullivan | Russell Dalton & Pippa Norris |
| Aina | Self-report | Self-report |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Stouffer, S. A. (1955). Communism, conformity, and civil liberties: A cross-section of the nation speaks its mind. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. link ↗ | Dalton, R. J. (2004). Democratic challenges, democratic choices: The erosion of political support in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | DTCL, Civil Liberties Scale, Majoritarian Constraint Scale | SFD, Democratic Legitimacy Scale, System Support Scale |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 2 | 3 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The Political Tolerance Scale measures willingness to permit unpopular groups to exercise civil liberties and political rights, including free speech, assembly, and voting rights even for groups the respondent strongly opposes. Pioneered by Stouffer (1955) measuring tolerance of communists during McCarthyism and extended by Gibson (1989) and Sullivan, Piereson, and Marcus (1982), the scale assesses fundamental democratic commitment—that pluralism and minority rights supersede majoritarian preference. It addresses the paradox: can democracy survive if majorities vote to restrict minority rights? Tolerance is essential for democratic stability, particularly as polarization increases. | The Democratic Support Scale measures citizen commitment to democracy as a regime type, including beliefs that democracy is the best system of government, willingness to defend democratic institutions, and rejection of non-democratic alternatives. Pioneered by Norris (1999) and Dalton (2004) in comparative research, the measure distinguishes regime support (belief in democracy's superiority) from performance support (satisfaction with current government). It addresses the paradox of 'critical citizens'—in advanced democracies, people often express dissatisfaction with current government performance while maintaining deep commitment to democratic principles. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
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