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Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Politeness Analysis× | Discourse Completion Task× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Isimu | Isimu |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1987 | 1989 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson | Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House & Gabriele Kasper (CCSARP project) |
| Aina≠ | Qualitative analysis of linguistic politeness via face theory | Written/oral elicitation instrument for speech-act data |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521313551 | Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (Eds.) (1989). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex Publishing. ISBN: 9780893915131 |
| Majina mbadala | Face Theory Analysis, Politeness Strategy Analysis, Linguistic Politeness Analysis | Discourse Completion Test, DCT, Production Questionnaire |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 4 | 3 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Politeness analysis is the qualitative method of examining how speakers manage face — the public self-image people claim — when they perform acts that threaten it. Anchored in Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson's influential face theory, the analyst locates face-threatening acts in interaction, codes the strategy chosen to soften (or not soften) them, and relates that choice to the weight of the threat as a function of social distance, relative power, and the ranking of the imposition. The framework's enduring scheme of strategies — bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record — gives politeness phenomena a systematic, comparable description. | The discourse completion task (DCT) is an elicitation instrument widely used in pragmatics to gather data on how people perform speech acts such as requests, apologies, refusals, and compliments. Respondents read short descriptions of situations and write (or say) what they would utter in each, allowing researchers to collect comparable speech-act data across many speakers, languages, and cultures under controlled conditions. It was popularized by the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) of Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper in 1989. |
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