Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa majaribio	Utafiti
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Widely formalised from the 1970s-1980s	Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s
Mwanzilishi	Systematic practice codified by Jean M. Converse and Stanley Presser	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s
Aina	Survey design and validation procedure	Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument
Chanzo asilia	Converse, J. M., & Presser, S. (1986). Survey Questions: Handcrafting the Standardized Questionnaire. Sage. ISBN: 978-0803925557	Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149
Majina mbadala	pre-tested survey, survey pre-testing, questionnaire pilot study, survey field test	questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study
Zinazohusiana	6	6
Muhtasari	A pilot-tested survey is a structured questionnaire that has been administered to a small, representative sample before the main data-collection phase. The purpose is to detect problems with wording, response options, skip logic, or timing, allowing the researcher to refine the instrument before it reaches the full sample. Pilot testing is not a separate research design; it is a quality-assurance step embedded within survey methodology that substantially reduces measurement error.	A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost.