Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa majaribio	Utafiti wa Utafiti Mtandaoni
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Widely formalised from the 1970s-1980s	Mid-1990s (widespread scholarly adoption ~1995–2000)
Mwanzilishi	Systematic practice codified by Jean M. Converse and Stanley Presser	Mick P. Couper, Don A. Dillman (early systematic frameworks)
Aina	Survey design and validation procedure	Quantitative / mixed-methods data collection technique
Chanzo asilia	Converse, J. M., & Presser, S. (1986). Survey Questions: Handcrafting the Standardized Questionnaire. Sage. ISBN: 978-0803925557	Couper, M. P. (2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(4), 464–494.
Majina mbadala	pre-tested survey, survey pre-testing, questionnaire pilot study, survey field test	web survey, internet survey, e-survey, computer-assisted web interviewing
Zinazohusiana	6	6
Muhtasari	A pilot-tested survey is a structured questionnaire that has been administered to a small, representative sample before the main data-collection phase. The purpose is to detect problems with wording, response options, skip logic, or timing, allowing the researcher to refine the instrument before it reaches the full sample. Pilot testing is not a separate research design; it is a quality-assurance step embedded within survey methodology that substantially reduces measurement error.	An online survey is a structured data collection instrument hosted on a web platform and completed by respondents via internet-connected devices. It enables large-scale, geographically dispersed data gathering at low cost and with rapid turnaround. Respondents self-administer the questionnaire at their convenience, which reduces interviewer bias and permits automatic data capture. Online surveys are the dominant mode of survey research in social, behavioural, health, and market research today.