Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Kifilojenetiki	Upigaji wa Vigezo
Nyanja	Bioinformatiki	Bioinformatiki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1960s-1981 (distance trees ~1967; ML framework formalised 1981)	2009–2010 (modern high-throughput era)
Mwanzilishi	Joseph Felsenstein (maximum likelihood framework); Walter Fitch and Emanuel Margoliash (distance methods)	Li et al. (SAMtools/bcftools, 2009); McKenna et al. (GATK, 2010)
Aina	Computational inference method	Computational genomics pipeline
Chanzo asilia	Felsenstein, J. (2004). Inferring Phylogenies. Sinauer Associates. ISBN: 978-0878931774	McKenna, A., Hanna, M., Banks, E., Sivachenko, A., Cibulskis, K., Kernytsky, A., ... & DePristo, M. A. (2010). The Genome Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. Genome Research, 20(9), 1297–1303.
Majina mbadala	molecular phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference, evolutionary tree reconstruction, phylogenomics	SNP calling, genotyping from sequencing, mutation detection, variant detection
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	Phylogenetic analysis reconstructs the evolutionary history of organisms, genes, or proteins by comparing molecular sequence data and estimating the branching tree that best explains observed similarities and differences. Rooted in the work of Felsenstein and colleagues from the 1960s onward, it is a cornerstone technique in evolutionary biology, microbiology, epidemiology, and comparative genomics, supporting tasks from tracing viral outbreak origins to classifying novel species.	Variant calling is the computational process of identifying positions in a sequenced genome that differ from a reference sequence — including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small insertions and deletions (indels), and structural variants. It transforms aligned sequencing reads into an interpretable catalogue of genetic differences, forming the foundation for population genetics, disease-gene discovery, and clinical genomics applications.