Linganisha mbinu

	Pharmacovigilance PRR/ROR	Uundaji wa Kimodelia wa Madhara ya Dawa kwa Idadi ya Watu
Nyanja	Famakolojia	Famakolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2002	1992
Mwanzilishi	Arne Melander and colleagues	Lewis Sheiner and Stephen Roush
Aina	safety signal detection	dose-response modeling
Chanzo asilia	Szarfman, A., Tonning, J. M., Doraiswamy, P. M., & Osgood, D. J. (2002). Pharmacovigilance in the post-marketing setting: establishing causal links between drugs and adverse events. Drug Safety, 25(9), 619-631.	Dahlström, B., & Nyberg, L. (1993). Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 24(1), 45-57.
Majina mbadala	PRR, ROR, signal detection, adverse event monitoring	PopPD, population PD, hierarchical PD modeling
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) and Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) are statistical methods for detecting safety signals in spontaneous adverse event reporting databases. Developed and formalized by researchers in the early 2000s, these measures identify drug-adverse event associations that warrant further investigation.	Population pharmacodynamic (PopPD) modeling integrates pharmacokinetics with individual dose-response relationships across patient populations to characterize drug efficacy and tolerability. Pioneered by Lewis Sheiner and colleagues, PopPD accounts for inter-individual variability in drug effects and enables rational dose optimization and response prediction.