Linganisha mbinu

	Mfumo wa PFR (Plug Flow Reactor)	Isothermu ya Ufyonzaji (Langmuir-Freundlich)
Nyanja	Fizikia Tumizi	Fizikia Tumizi
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1962	1918
Mwanzilishi	Octave Levenspiel	Irving Langmuir
Aina	Mathematical model for plug-flow reactor	Empirical and theoretical adsorption equilibrium model
Chanzo asilia	Levenspiel, O. (1999). Chemical Reaction Engineering (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-0-471-25424-9	Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica, and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9), 1361-1403.
Majina mbadala	ideal tubular reactor, plug-flow model, PFR	Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, sorption equilibrium
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) model describes the behavior of a tubular reactor in which fluid elements move through as distinct plugs with no axial mixing. Fluid at the inlet is freshly unreacted; as it travels downstream, reactions progress. This idealized model, formalized by Octave Levenspiel alongside CSTR theory, is the opposite extreme: while CSTRs are fully mixed, PFRs have no axial mixing. In practice, PFRs achieve higher conversion than CSTRs for the same residence time and are widely used in the chemical and petroleum industries.	Adsorption isotherms describe the equilibrium uptake of a substance on a solid surface as a function of gas or solution phase concentration at constant temperature. The Langmuir isotherm (1918) and Freundlich isotherm (1906) are classical empirical models. The Langmuir model assumes monolayer coverage and is mechanistic; the Freundlich model is empirical and describes multilayer or heterogeneous adsorption. These isotherms are essential for designing separation processes (activated carbon filters, molecular sieves) and understanding pollutant sorption.