Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Dhiki cha Kabla ya Kiwewe (PDI)	Kiwango cha Kukabiliwa na Mapigano (CES)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kijeshi	Saikolojia ya Kijeshi
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2001	1989
Mwanzilishi	Brunet, Akerib, & Birmes	Keane, Fairbank, Caddell, Zimering, Taylor, & Mora
Aina	Self-report (retrospective to trauma)	Self-report
Chanzo asilia	Brunet, A., Akerib, V., & Birmes, P. (2001). Don't forget initial symptoms of acute stress disorder: Evaluation of a simple stack of criteria. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(7), 460-466.	Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Taylor, K. L., & Mora, C. A. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment, 1(1), 53-55.
Majina mbadala	PDI, Peri-Traumatic Distress Inventory	CES, Keane Combat Exposure Scale
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The PDI is a 13-item self-report measure assessing the emotional, physical, and cognitive distress experienced during or immediately after a traumatic event. Developed by Brunet, Akerib, and Birmes in 2001, it captures acute peritraumatic responses (dissociation, fear, confusion) that predict risk for chronic PTSD. It is widely used in emergency medicine, military medical systems, and trauma research to identify acutely traumatized individuals at high risk for persistent psychological injury.	The CES is a 7-item self-report measure of combat exposure developed by Keane and colleagues in 1989. It quantifies the frequency and intensity of combat experiences, including direct fire, causalities witnessed, and hazardous mission environments. It is widely used in veteran research and clinical screening to characterize trauma load and risk for PTSD.