Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kiwango cha Tathmini ya Sauti ya GRBAS× | Kiwango cha Matokeo na Ukali wa Dysphagia× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Patholojia ya Usemi na Lugha | Patholojia ya Usemi na Lugha |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1981 | 1999 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Hirano, M. | O'Neil, K. H., et al. |
| Aina | Clinician-rated | Clinician-rated |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Hirano, M. (1981). Clinical Examination of Voice. Vienna: Springer-Verlag. ISBN: 978-3-7091-4621-5 | O'Neil, K. H., Purdy, M., Falk, J., & Gidas, L. (1999). The Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale. Dysphagia, 14(3), 139–145. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala≠ | GRBAS, GRBASI, Voice Perceptual Rating | DOSS |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 3 | 2 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The GRBAS Scale (Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain) is a clinician-rated perceptual assessment tool for classifying voice quality across five distinct vocal dimensions. Developed by Hirano in 1981, GRBAS provides a standardized language for voice clinicians and physicians to describe dysphonia characteristics (e.g., rough voice, breathy voice, weak voice) using ordinal subscales. GRBAS is foundational in voice pathology education and remains widely used in clinical and research settings despite modern objective measures like acoustic analysis and laryngeal imaging. | The Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS) is a 7-point clinician-rated ordinal scale that measures the severity of swallowing dysfunction and functional swallowing outcomes across two dimensions: safety (penetration-aspiration risk) and efficiency (oral intake adequacy and diet level tolerance). Developed by O'Neil and colleagues in 1999, DOSS integrates clinical observation with videofluoroscopic findings to provide a standardized, functionally meaningful classification of swallowing status from normal to non-functional. |
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