Linganisha mbinu

	Patent Citation Analysis	Disruptive Innovation Analysis
Nyanja	Usimamizi wa Kimkakati	Usimamizi wa Kimkakati
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1993	1997
Mwanzilishi	Adam Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg & Rebecca Henderson; Bronwyn Hall, Adam Jaffe & Manuel Trajtenberg	Clayton Christensen; Clayton Christensen, Michael Raynor & Rory McDonald
Aina	Bibliometric and network analysis of patent citation data	Theory-based framework for classifying and assessing innovation trajectories
Chanzo asilia	Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., & Henderson, R. (1993). Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 577-598.	Christensen, C. M. (1997). The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN: 9780875845852
Majina mbadala	Patent Citation Networks, Forward Citation Analysis, Knowledge-Flow Patent Analysis, Patent Bibliometrics	Disruptive Innovation Theory, Sustaining vs Disruptive Analysis, Christensen Disruption Analysis, Innovator's Dilemma Analysis
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Patent citation analysis uses the references that patents make to earlier patents as quantitative traces of innovation value and the flow of technological knowledge. The approach was given its empirical foundation by Adam Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg, and Rebecca Henderson, whose 1993 Quarterly Journal of Economics study used patent citations to show that knowledge spillovers are geographically localized - inventors disproportionately build on nearby prior art. Bronwyn Hall, Adam Jaffe, and Manuel Trajtenberg's 2001 NBER work then assembled the large-scale patent-citations data file and the methodological toolkit - forward-citation counts, generality and originality indices, citation lags, and self-citation measures - that made citation analysis a standard instrument in the economics and strategy of innovation. By treating the citation network as data, researchers can measure how important an invention is, where its knowledge came from, and where it flowed.	Disruptive innovation analysis is a framework for classifying innovations and anticipating when a new entrant will overturn established market leaders. Clayton Christensen introduced the theory in his 1997 book The Innovator's Dilemma, which explained the paradox that well-managed incumbent firms can fail precisely because they listen to their best customers and invest in sustaining improvements, leaving them exposed to simpler, cheaper offerings that begin at the low end or in new markets and then improve until they capture the mainstream. The 2015 Harvard Business Review article by Christensen, Michael Raynor, and Rory McDonald clarified the concept after two decades of misuse, insisting that 'disruption' is a precise process - not a synonym for any breakthrough or any successful startup - in which an entrant gains a foothold in segments incumbents overlook and moves upmarket from there. The analysis compares performance trajectories against customer needs to tell sustaining from disruptive change.