Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Matumizi ya Mitandao ya Kijamii kwa Njia ya Kawaida	Kiwango cha Matatizo ya Mitandao ya Kijamii
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Mitandao ya Kijamii	Saikolojia ya Mitandao ya Kijamii
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2018	2016
Mwanzilishi	Jae-Won Hur (and related work by Verduyn, Valkenburg, and others)	Roos J. J. M. van den Eijnden, Jeroen S. Lemmens, and Patti M. Valkenburg
Aina	Self-report	Self-report
Chanzo asilia	Hur, J.-W. (2018). The impact of using social media on reducing social isolation. The Internet and Higher Education, 38, 21–28.	van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Lemmens, J. S., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2016). The social media disorder scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 481–490.
Majina mbadala	PSMUSES, Passive Use	SMD Scale
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Passive Social Media Use Scale measures the extent to which individuals engage in passive consumption—scrolling, lurking, and observing others' content—versus active participation like posting, commenting, and messaging. Developed to distinguish between active (interactive) and passive (consumptive) social media behaviors, this scale recognizes that passive use patterns are associated with distinct psychological outcomes including reduced wellbeing and increased social comparison.	The Social Media Disorder Scale (SMD Scale) is a 9-item self-report measure developed by van den Eijnden and colleagues in 2016 to assess problematic social media use characterized by loss of control, withdrawal, tolerance, and conflict—mirroring criteria from behavioral addiction frameworks. It identifies individuals whose engagement with social media platforms has reached clinically concerning levels that interfere with daily functioning.