Linganisha mbinu

	Participatory Varietal Selection	Farming Systems Research and Extension
Nyanja	Food Agriculture Studies	Food Agriculture Studies
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1996	2000
Mwanzilishi	John R. Witcombe and colleagues	Michael Collinson and the international farming-systems research community (CIMMYT/CGIAR)
Aina	Participatory experimental pipeline for cultivar identification	Iterative diagnostic and adaptive on-farm research pipeline
Chanzo asilia	Witcombe, J. R., Joshi, A., Joshi, K. D., & Sthapit, B. R. (1996). Farmer Participatory Crop Improvement. I. Varietal Selection and Breeding Methods and Their Impact on Biodiversity. Experimental Agriculture, 32(4), 445-460.	Collinson, M. P. (Ed.) (2000). A History of Farming Systems Research. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing & FAO. ISBN: 9780851994055
Majina mbadala	PVS, Farmer Participatory Variety Selection, Participatory Variety Selection, Client-Oriented Varietal Selection	FSR/E, Farming Systems Research, On-Farm Client-Oriented Research, Whole-Farm Systems Research
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Participatory varietal selection (PVS) is a participatory crop-improvement method in which farmers choose, grow, and evaluate finished or near-finished cultivars on their own fields under their own management, so that the varieties identified are the ones farmers actually prefer and will adopt. Formalized by John Witcombe and colleagues in 1996 as the faster, cheaper sibling of participatory plant breeding, PVS responds to the problem that conventional varietal release — selection on research stations against breeder criteria — often produces varieties that fail in farmers' fields or ignore traits farmers value, leaving the formal seed system with low adoption in marginal, heterogeneous environments. By moving the final stage of selection onto farms and into farmers' hands, PVS rapidly screens existing genetic material for fitness to real growing conditions and real preferences.	Farming Systems Research and Extension (FSR/E) is an iterative, client-oriented research methodology that treats the smallholder farm as a whole interacting system rather than a collection of isolated crops, and designs technology around the actual circumstances and goals of homogeneous groups of farmers. Developed within CIMMYT and the wider CGIAR system from the 1970s and synthesized in Michael Collinson's 2000 history, FSR/E proceeds by diagnosing the whole farm, grouping farmers into recommendation domains who share circumstances, ranking their binding constraints, and then testing candidate technologies in farmer-managed on-farm trials whose results feed back into the next diagnostic cycle. Its defining commitment is that research priorities and experimental designs should follow from farmers' resources, constraints, and objectives, so that recommendations are not just statistically valid on a research station but adoptable on real fields.