Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti Shirikishi wa Kiutamaduni	Utafiti wa kifani
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1990s–2000s (collaborative turn); classical roots early 20th century	1984 (seminal codification)
Mwanzilishi	Rooted in classical ethnography (Malinowski, Boas); collaborative turn formalised by Luke Eric Lassiter and others in the 1990s–2000s	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)
Aina	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research design
Chanzo asilia	Lassiter, L. E. (2005). The Chicago Guide to Collaborative Ethnography. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226469058	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169
Majina mbadala	collaborative ethnography, participatory fieldwork, engaged ethnography, community-based ethnography	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Participatory ethnography is a qualitative research design in which community members are not merely subjects of study but active collaborators throughout the research process — from problem formulation and data collection to analysis and writing. Building on classical ethnographic fieldwork, it shifts the researcher–participant relationship toward genuine partnership, producing knowledge that is accountable to the communities from which it emerges.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.