Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kielelezo cha Mkazo wa Uzazi (PSI)× | Social Provisions Scale (SPS)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikolojia ya Kijamii | Saikolojia ya Kijamii |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1983 | 1987 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Richard R. Abidin | Carolyn Cutrona and Daniel Russell |
| Aina≠ | Self-report questionnaire | Self-report social support assessment |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Abidin, R. R. (1983). Parenting Stress Index: Administration, scoring, and interpretation manual. Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press. link ↗ | Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationships, 1, 37-67. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | PSI, Parenting Stress Index – Full Length, PSI-SF | SPS, Cutrona & Russell Social Provisions Scale, SPS-10 |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 3 | 2 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The Parenting Stress Index is the most widely used multidimensional assessment of parenting stress in mothers and fathers of children from infancy through age 10. Developed by Richard Abidin in 1983, it measures three major stress domains: parental distress (feeling overwhelmed, loss of control, role restriction), parent–child dysfunctional interaction (negative reciprocal patterns), and difficult child characteristics (behavioral and developmental challenges). The PSI has become essential in early intervention programs, family support services, and clinical evaluation of parenting difficulties. | The Social Provisions Scale is a widely used multidimensional instrument for measuring the degree to which individuals perceive their social relationships as providing essential emotional and practical support. Developed by Carolyn Cutrona and Daniel Russell in 1987, the SPS operationalizes the theory that healthy social support requires six provisions: attachment (emotional closeness), social integration (sense of belonging), reassurance of worth (feeling valued), reliable alliance (practical assistance), guidance (advice and direction), and opportunity for nurturance (ability to care for others). The SPS is used extensively in health psychology, gerontology, and stress and coping research. |
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