Linganisha mbinu

	KSS Panel	Jaribio la Maki la Ushirikiano	Jopo DF-GLS
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1992	2012	1996
Mwanzilishi	Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt, and Shin (panel version by Hadri)	Darshana Maki	Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (adapted to panels)
Aina	Unit-root test	Structural-break test	Stationarity test
Chanzo asilia	Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.	Maki, D. (2012). Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.	Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometric Reviews, 13(4), 469-497.
Majina mbadala	Panel stationarity test	Structural-break cointegration test	Panel unit-root test
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	The Panel KSS test reverses the null hypothesis of unit-root tests: it tests whether variables are stationary (stationarity is the null) versus nonstationary (unit root is the alternative). Introduced by Kwiatkowski et al. (1992) and extended to panels by Hadri (2000), this complementary approach provides robustness when combined with unit-root tests like Panel DF-GLS. Using both tests together reduces the risk of erroneous conclusions about variable persistence.	The Maki cointegration test extends cointegration testing to allow for an unknown number of endogenously-determined structural breaks in the cointegrating relationship. Introduced by Maki (2012), it builds on Gregory and Hansen (1996), enabling detection of cointegration even when relationships shift due to policy changes, institutional reforms, or fundamental regime shifts. This is essential for applied time-series work where structural change is common.	Panel DF-GLS extends the Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (1996) GLS unit-root test to panel data, combining cross-sectional and time-series information to test whether variables contain unit roots. Introduced by Hadri and colleagues (2005), it is more powerful than standard panel unit-root tests (IPS, LLC) due to its GLS detrending approach. This test is essential for establishing stationarity before fitting cointegration or dynamic panel models.