Linganisha mbinu

	Jumla ya Tathmini ya Athari Chanya na Hasi (PANAS)	Kiwango cha Kituo cha Utafiti wa Afya ya Jamii cha Huzuni (CES-D)	Kipimo cha Mfadhaiko, Wasiwasi na Msongo-21 (DASS-21)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kliniki	Saikolojia ya Kliniki	Saikolojia ya Kliniki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1988	1977	1995
Mwanzilishi	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond
Aina	Mood and affect self-assessment	Community-based depression assessment	Three-dimensional mental health screening
Chanzo asilia	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.
Majina mbadala	PANAS, PANAS-X	CES-D, CESD	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42
Zinazohusiana	5	5	5
Muhtasari	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.