Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Tathmini ya Uwezo wa Kuvumilia Maumivu	Kiwango cha Katastrofiki cha Maumivu
Nyanja	Tiba ya Maumivu	Tiba ya Maumivu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1989	1995
Mwanzilishi	Michael K. Nicholas	Michael J. Sullivan and Steven R. Bishop
Aina	Self-report questionnaire measuring self-efficacy beliefs about managing chronic pain	Self-report questionnaire measuring catastrophic thinking about pain
Chanzo asilia	Nicholas, M.K. (1989). Self-efficacy and chronic pain. The American Psychological Association Annual Convention, New Orleans, LA.	Sullivan, M.J., Bishop, S.R., & Pivik, J. (1995). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 7(4), 524-532.
Majina mbadala	PSEQ, Self-Efficacy Questionnaire	PCS, Catastrophizing Scale
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a 10-item self-report instrument developed by Nicholas in 1989 to measure self-efficacy beliefs—a person's confidence in their ability to manage pain and function despite pain. Higher PSEQ scores predict better pain outcomes, less disability, and greater treatment success, making it a key measure in pain rehabilitation and psychological intervention research.	The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item self-report questionnaire developed by Sullivan, Bishop, and Pivik in 1995 to measure catastrophic thinking about pain—the tendency to magnify pain threat, ruminate about pain, and feel helpless in response to pain. Elevated catastrophizing predicts worse pain outcomes and is a key treatment target in cognitive-behavioral pain management.