Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Katastrofiki cha Maumivu	Kiwango cha Tathmini ya Uwezo wa Kuvumilia Maumivu
Nyanja	Tiba ya Maumivu	Tiba ya Maumivu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1995	1989
Mwanzilishi	Michael J. Sullivan and Steven R. Bishop	Michael K. Nicholas
Aina	Self-report questionnaire measuring catastrophic thinking about pain	Self-report questionnaire measuring self-efficacy beliefs about managing chronic pain
Chanzo asilia	Sullivan, M.J., Bishop, S.R., & Pivik, J. (1995). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 7(4), 524-532.	Nicholas, M.K. (1989). Self-efficacy and chronic pain. The American Psychological Association Annual Convention, New Orleans, LA.
Majina mbadala	PCS, Catastrophizing Scale	PSEQ, Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item self-report questionnaire developed by Sullivan, Bishop, and Pivik in 1995 to measure catastrophic thinking about pain—the tendency to magnify pain threat, ruminate about pain, and feel helpless in response to pain. Elevated catastrophizing predicts worse pain outcomes and is a key treatment target in cognitive-behavioral pain management.	The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a 10-item self-report instrument developed by Nicholas in 1989 to measure self-efficacy beliefs—a person's confidence in their ability to manage pain and function despite pain. Higher PSEQ scores predict better pain outcomes, less disability, and greater treatment success, making it a key measure in pain rehabilitation and psychological intervention research.