Linganisha mbinu

	Sifometri ya Orthodontic	Uchanganuzi wa Kiungo cha Mandibulo-Temporal
Nyanja	Tiba ya Meno	Tiba ya Meno
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1931	1934 (Costen syndrome); 1960s+ (modern understanding)
Mwanzilishi	Benjamin Broadbent	Multiple innovators (Costen, Laskin, Okeson, et al.)
Aina	Imaging and measurement technique	Clinical and imaging assessment
Chanzo asilia	Broadbent, B. H. (1931). A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. Angle Orthodontist, 1(2), 45-66.	Okeson, J. P. (2020). Management of temporomandibular disorders and occlusion (8th ed.). Elsevier.
Majina mbadala	cephalometric analysis, cephalometric radiography, cephalogram	TMJ examination, TMD assessment, jaw joint evaluation
Zinazohusiana	4	3
Muhtasari	Orthodontic cephalometry is a standardized radiographic technique that produces a lateral or postero-anterior skull radiograph from a fixed source-to-film distance and patient position. Introduced by Benjamin Broadbent in 1931, cephalometric analysis enables systematic measurement of skeletal and dental relationships to assess malocclusion, plan treatment, and monitor growth and treatment changes. The technique remains fundamental to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.	Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) analysis is a systematic clinical assessment and imaging evaluation of the jaw joint, including the articular disc, condyle, and associated musculature. TMJ analysis evaluates joint function, detects dysfunction (TMD), and guides diagnosis and treatment planning for jaw pain, clicking, locking, and limited opening. Comprehensive assessment integrates clinical examination with imaging (magnetic resonance imaging, cone-beam computed tomography) to characterize joint status and tailor treatment.