Linganisha mbinu

	Sifometri ya Orthodontic	Uchaguzi wa Rangi katika Dawa ya Meno
Nyanja	Tiba ya Meno	Tiba ya Meno
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1931	1980s-1990s (formalized standards)
Mwanzilishi	Benjamin Broadbent	Multiple innovators in restorative dentistry
Aina	Imaging and measurement technique	Esthetic assessment and selection
Chanzo asilia	Broadbent, B. H. (1931). A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. Angle Orthodontist, 1(2), 45-66.	Guan, X. Y., Hao, Z. X., Zhou, G. Z., & Fang, C. X. (2005). Clinical evaluation of shade matching in tooth-colored restoratives. Chinese Journal of Dental Research, 8(1), 35-38.
Majina mbadala	cephalometric analysis, cephalometric radiography, cephalogram	shade matching, color selection, tooth shade guide, spectrophotometry
Zinazohusiana	4	3
Muhtasari	Orthodontic cephalometry is a standardized radiographic technique that produces a lateral or postero-anterior skull radiograph from a fixed source-to-film distance and patient position. Introduced by Benjamin Broadbent in 1931, cephalometric analysis enables systematic measurement of skeletal and dental relationships to assess malocclusion, plan treatment, and monitor growth and treatment changes. The technique remains fundamental to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.	Shade selection in dentistry is the process of determining the appropriate color and translucency of tooth-colored restorative materials to match the patient's natural dentition. Systematic shade selection involves visual assessment using calibrated shade guides, spectrophotometric measurement, and sometimes digital imaging to ensure esthetic harmony. Accurate shade selection is critical for patient satisfaction with restorations and requires understanding of tooth color dimensions (hue, value, chroma) and the optical properties of restorative materials.