Linganisha mbinu

	Uhalali wa Kinomolojia wa Kiwango cha Ordinal	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1955 (concept); ordinal application 1990s–present	1969
Mwanzilishi	Cronbach & Meehl (nomological network concept); ordinal extension in modern psychometrics	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Validity assessment	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	nomological validity for ordinal data, ordinal nomological network, construct network validity (ordinal), ordinal criterion-related validity	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	Ordinal nomological validity examines whether a construct measured with ordinal items (e.g., Likert-type scales) behaves in theoretically predicted ways within a nomological network — a web of expected relationships with other constructs and criteria — using methods suited to ordinal data rather than assuming continuous measurement.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.