Linganisha mbinu

	Nadharia ya Majibu ya Kipengee cha Ordinal	Nadharia ya Itikio la Kipengee (IRT)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1969	1952–1968
Mwanzilishi	Fumiko Samejima (Graded Response Model, 1969); Gerhard Fischer & Georg Rasch lineage for partial credit	Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models)
Aina	Probabilistic latent trait model for ordered polytomous responses	Probabilistic measurement model
Chanzo asilia	Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement, 34(4, Pt. 2), 1–97.	Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley.
Majina mbadala	polytomous IRT, ordinal IRT models, graded response models, ordinal latent trait models	IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Ordinal item response theory (ordinal IRT) comprises a family of probabilistic models — most notably the Graded Response Model and the Partial Credit Model — that relate a respondent's standing on a latent trait to the probability of choosing each ordered response category on a polytomous item. It extends classical IRT beyond dichotomous items to the Likert-type and rating-scale items that dominate psychometric measurement.	Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons.