Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchambuzi wa Kipengee cha Ordinal× | Uundaji wa Kipimo× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikometriki | Saikometriki |
| Familia | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1950s–1980s | 1991–1995 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Classical test theory tradition (Guilford, Nunnally, and others) | Multiple contributors; codified by Robert DeVellis and Lee Anna Clark & David Watson |
| Aina≠ | Item-level diagnostic | Multi-step methodological framework |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0070474659 | DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-1506341569 |
| Majina mbadala | item analysis for ordinal data, polytomous item analysis, Likert item analysis, OIA | questionnaire construction, instrument development, measurement scale construction, psychometric scale building |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Ordinal item analysis evaluates each individual item in a rating-scale or Likert-type instrument using descriptive and correlational statistics suited to ordered categorical response formats. It guides item selection and refinement by flagging items with problematic difficulty, poor discrimination, or low corrected item-total correlations before reliability and validity studies proceed. | Scale development is a structured, multi-step process for creating psychometrically sound measurement instruments that capture latent psychological constructs. It encompasses construct definition, item generation, expert review, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability estimation, and validity evidence collection — producing a final set of items suitable for quantitative research. |
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