Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Kipengee cha Ordinal	Uchambuzi wa Kuaminika kwa Ordinal
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1950s–1980s	2007
Mwanzilishi	Classical test theory tradition (Guilford, Nunnally, and others)	Bruno D. Zumbo and colleagues
Aina	Item-level diagnostic	Internal consistency reliability estimation
Chanzo asilia	Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0070474659	Zumbo, B. D., Gadermann, A. M. & Zeisser, C. (2007). Ordinal versions of coefficients alpha and theta as measures of internal consistency for Likert rating scales. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 21–29.
Majina mbadala	item analysis for ordinal data, polytomous item analysis, Likert item analysis, OIA	ordinal alpha, polychoric reliability, reliability for ordinal scales, ORA
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Ordinal item analysis evaluates each individual item in a rating-scale or Likert-type instrument using descriptive and correlational statistics suited to ordered categorical response formats. It guides item selection and refinement by flagging items with problematic difficulty, poor discrimination, or low corrected item-total correlations before reliability and validity studies proceed.	Ordinal reliability analysis estimates the internal consistency of scales whose items are measured on ordered-category (Likert-type) response formats. By basing computations on polychoric correlations rather than Pearson correlations, it corrects for the attenuation that standard Cronbach's alpha produces when responses are discrete and non-normal.