Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Kipengee cha Ordinal	Uchanganuzi wa Kiwango cha Dondoo wa Vipengele
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1950s–1980s	1978–1984
Mwanzilishi	Classical test theory tradition (Guilford, Nunnally, and others)	Bengt Muthén
Aina	Item-level diagnostic	Latent variable / dimension reduction
Chanzo asilia	Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0070474659	Flora, D. B. & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491.
Majina mbadala	item analysis for ordinal data, polytomous item analysis, Likert item analysis, OIA	ordinal factor analysis, polychoric EFA, categorical EFA, EFA for ordinal data
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Ordinal item analysis evaluates each individual item in a rating-scale or Likert-type instrument using descriptive and correlational statistics suited to ordered categorical response formats. It guides item selection and refinement by flagging items with problematic difficulty, poor discrimination, or low corrected item-total correlations before reliability and validity studies proceed.	Ordinal exploratory factor analysis discovers latent factors underlying a set of ordinal items — typically Likert scales — by computing polychoric correlations among the items and then applying a weighted least squares estimator. It avoids the distortions that arise when continuous EFA methods are naively applied to ordered categorical responses.