Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchambuzi wa Kipengee cha Ordinal× | Nadharia ya Itikio la Kipengee (IRT)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikometriki | Saikometriki |
| Familia | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1950s–1980s | 1952–1968 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Classical test theory tradition (Guilford, Nunnally, and others) | Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models) |
| Aina≠ | Item-level diagnostic | Probabilistic measurement model |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0070474659 | Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | item analysis for ordinal data, polytomous item analysis, Likert item analysis, OIA | IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Ordinal item analysis evaluates each individual item in a rating-scale or Likert-type instrument using descriptive and correlational statistics suited to ordered categorical response formats. It guides item selection and refinement by flagging items with problematic difficulty, poor discrimination, or low corrected item-total correlations before reliability and validity studies proceed. | Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons. |
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