Linganisha mbinu

	Uthibitisho wa Utendaji wa Kutofautisha wa Ordinal	Uchanganuzi wa Kiwango cha Uthibitisho wa Ordinal
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1959 (concept); 2000s–2010s (ordinal adaptations)	1984
Mwanzilishi	Campbell & Fiske (discriminant validity concept); adapted for ordinal data by subsequent psychometricians	Bengt O. Muthén
Aina	Validity assessment	Latent variable / structural
Chanzo asilia	Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.	Flora, D. B. & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491.
Majina mbadala	discriminant validity for ordinal data, polychoric discriminant validity, ordinal HTMT, ordinal AVE-based discriminant validity	CFA for ordinal data, polychoric CFA, WLSMV CFA, categorical CFA
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Ordinal discriminant validity assesses whether a latent construct measured by ordinal (Likert-type) items is empirically distinct from other constructs in the same instrument. It applies polychoric correlations and ordinal-appropriate factor loadings to standard discriminant validity criteria such as the Fornell-Larcker rule and the Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio (HTMT), ensuring that validity conclusions are not distorted by the non-continuous nature of ordered-response data.	Ordinal confirmatory factor analysis (Ordinal CFA) tests a pre-specified factor structure when the observed indicators are ordinal — typically Likert-type survey items. By using polychoric correlations and robust estimators such as WLSMV, it avoids the bias that arises from treating categorical responses as continuous.