Linganisha mbinu

	Uthibitisho wa Utendaji wa Kutofautisha wa Ordinal	Uthibitisho wa Dhana
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1959 (concept); 2000s–2010s (ordinal adaptations)	1955
Mwanzilishi	Campbell & Fiske (discriminant validity concept); adapted for ordinal data by subsequent psychometricians	Lee J. Cronbach & Paul E. Meehl
Aina	Validity assessment	Validity evaluation framework
Chanzo asilia	Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.	Cronbach, L. J. & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302.
Majina mbadala	discriminant validity for ordinal data, polychoric discriminant validity, ordinal HTMT, ordinal AVE-based discriminant validity	construct validation, factorial validity, nomological validity evidence, validity of interpretation
Zinazohusiana	6	6
Muhtasari	Ordinal discriminant validity assesses whether a latent construct measured by ordinal (Likert-type) items is empirically distinct from other constructs in the same instrument. It applies polychoric correlations and ordinal-appropriate factor loadings to standard discriminant validity criteria such as the Fornell-Larcker rule and the Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio (HTMT), ensuring that validity conclusions are not distorted by the non-continuous nature of ordered-response data.	Construct validity is the degree to which a test or scale actually measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure. Introduced by Cronbach and Meehl in 1955, it is the central validity concern in psychological and educational measurement, evaluated by accumulating multiple lines of empirical and logical evidence rather than by any single statistical test.