Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchambuzi wa Utendaji wa Kipengee cha Ordinal (Ordinal DIF)× | Kufanya Kazi Tofauti kwa Vipengele (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikometriki | Saikometriki |
| Familia | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1999-2001 | 1970s–1993 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Zumbo (logistic extension) and Penfield (Mantel generalization) | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| Aina≠ | Item bias detection for ordered-category items | Item-level bias detection |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Zumbo, B. D. (1999). A handbook on the theory and methods of differential item functioning (DIF): Logistic regression modeling as a unitary framework for binary and Likert-type (ordinal) item scores. Ottawa: Directorate of Human Resources Research and Evaluation, Department of National Defense. link ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| Majina mbadala | ordinal DIF, polytomous DIF, DIF for ordered categories, ordinal logistic DIF | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Ordinal differential item functioning analysis detects whether an ordered-category item (such as a Likert-scale question) functions differently across demographic or cultural groups after controlling for the latent trait being measured. It extends classical binary DIF methods to polytomous response formats common in psychological and educational scales. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
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