Linganisha mbinu

	Alpha ya Cronbach ya Ordinal	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2007	1969
Mwanzilishi	Zumbo, Gadermann, and Zeisser	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Internal consistency reliability coefficient	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Zumbo, B. D., Gadermann, A. M., & Zeisser, C. (2007). Ordinal versions of coefficients alpha and theta for Likert rating scales. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 21–29.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	alpha for ordinal data, polychoric alpha, ordinal reliability coefficient, alpha based on polychoric correlations	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	3	4
Muhtasari	Ordinal Cronbach's alpha is a reliability coefficient computed from polychoric or polyserial correlations rather than Pearson correlations, making it appropriate for Likert-type and other ordinal item response data. It corrects the systematic downward bias that standard Cronbach's alpha produces when items are treated as continuous but are actually ordinal.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.