Linganisha mbinu

	Uthibitisho wa Usawazishaji wa Ordinal	Upimaji wa Uthabiti wa Kipimo
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1959 (validity framework); ordinal adaptation 1990s–2000s	2000
Mwanzilishi	Polychoric/tetrachoric correlation tradition (Pearson, 1900s); validity framework formalized by Campbell & Fiske (1959)	Vandenberg & Lance
Aina	Validity assessment	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure
Chanzo asilia	Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. E., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354–373.	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
Majina mbadala	OCV, convergent validity for ordinal scales, polychoric convergent validity, ordinal AVE	Factorial Invariance, Measurement Equivalence, Configural-Metric-Scalar Testing, Ölçüm Değişmezliği
Zinazohusiana	6	3
Muhtasari	Ordinal convergent validity assesses the degree to which indicators of the same latent construct correlate strongly with each other when those indicators are measured on ordinal (e.g., Likert-type) scales. It adapts standard convergent validity procedures — factor loadings, average variance extracted, and HTMT ratios — to account for the discrete, bounded nature of ordinal response categories using polychoric correlations and ordinal-appropriate estimation methods.	Measurement invariance testing is a sequence of nested confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models that examines whether a psychological scale measures the same latent construct in the same way across distinct groups or time points. Systematized and popularized by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), the procedure tests a hierarchy of constraints — from identical factor patterns to identical item intercepts — so that researchers can justify meaningful group comparisons on latent means.