Linganisha mbinu

	Uthibitisho wa Usawazishaji wa Ordinal	Uthibitisho wa Utengano
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1959 (validity framework); ordinal adaptation 1990s–2000s	1959
Mwanzilishi	Polychoric/tetrachoric correlation tradition (Pearson, 1900s); validity framework formalized by Campbell & Fiske (1959)	Donald T. Campbell and Donald W. Fiske
Aina	Validity assessment	Validity evidence / psychometric evaluation
Chanzo asilia	Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. E., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354–373.	Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.
Majina mbadala	OCV, convergent validity for ordinal scales, polychoric convergent validity, ordinal AVE	discriminant validity evidence, divergent validity, DV, AVE-based discriminant validity
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Ordinal convergent validity assesses the degree to which indicators of the same latent construct correlate strongly with each other when those indicators are measured on ordinal (e.g., Likert-type) scales. It adapts standard convergent validity procedures — factor loadings, average variance extracted, and HTMT ratios — to account for the discrete, bounded nature of ordinal response categories using polychoric correlations and ordinal-appropriate estimation methods.	Discriminant validity is evidence that a latent construct is empirically distinct from other constructs it should differ from. Originating in Campbell and Fiske's multitrait-multimethod framework (1959), it is a core component of construct validity and a mandatory check in scale development and structural equation modeling.