Linganisha mbinu

	Uthibitisho wa Usawazishaji wa Ordinal	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1959 (validity framework); ordinal adaptation 1990s–2000s	1969
Mwanzilishi	Polychoric/tetrachoric correlation tradition (Pearson, 1900s); validity framework formalized by Campbell & Fiske (1959)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Validity assessment	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. E., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354–373.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	OCV, convergent validity for ordinal scales, polychoric convergent validity, ordinal AVE	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	Ordinal convergent validity assesses the degree to which indicators of the same latent construct correlate strongly with each other when those indicators are measured on ordinal (e.g., Likert-type) scales. It adapts standard convergent validity procedures — factor loadings, average variance extracted, and HTMT ratios — to account for the discrete, bounded nature of ordinal response categories using polychoric correlations and ordinal-appropriate estimation methods.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.