Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kiwango cha Uthibitisho wa Ordinal	Upimaji wa Uthabiti wa Kipimo
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1984	2000
Mwanzilishi	Bengt O. Muthén	Vandenberg & Lance
Aina	Latent variable / structural	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure
Chanzo asilia	Flora, D. B. & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491.	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
Majina mbadala	CFA for ordinal data, polychoric CFA, WLSMV CFA, categorical CFA	Factorial Invariance, Measurement Equivalence, Configural-Metric-Scalar Testing, Ölçüm Değişmezliği
Zinazohusiana	5	3
Muhtasari	Ordinal confirmatory factor analysis (Ordinal CFA) tests a pre-specified factor structure when the observed indicators are ordinal — typically Likert-type survey items. By using polychoric correlations and robust estimators such as WLSMV, it avoids the bias that arises from treating categorical responses as continuous.	Measurement invariance testing is a sequence of nested confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models that examines whether a psychological scale measures the same latent construct in the same way across distinct groups or time points. Systematized and popularized by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), the procedure tests a hierarchy of constraints — from identical factor patterns to identical item intercepts — so that researchers can justify meaningful group comparisons on latent means.