Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Mwelekeo wa Maisha Kilichorekebishwa	Kipimio cha PERMA
Nyanja	Saikolojia Chanya	Saikolojia Chanya
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1994	2016
Mwanzilishi	Michael Scheier and Charles Carver	James Butler and Margaret Kern
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing coping strategies from coping styles: A health psychological perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1061–1078.	Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1–48.
Majina mbadala	LOT-R	PERMA Profiler, PERMA Model
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Life Orientation Test – Revised (LOT-R) is a 10-item measure of dispositional optimism developed by Scheier, Carver, and Bridges in 1994. It assesses the general expectancy that good things (versus bad things) will happen in the future. Optimism, as measured by the LOT-R, predicts coping success, health outcomes, and psychological well-being independent of self-efficacy or other personality factors. The revised version addressed psychometric concerns in the original 1985 LOT, improving clarity and reducing item ambiguity.	The PERMA-Profiler is a 23-item multidimensional measure of flourishing developed by Butler and Kern in 2016 based on Seligman's PERMA model of positive psychology. It assesses five core domains of human flourishing—Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment—plus Negative Emotion and Loneliness as contextual factors. This instrument bridges the theoretical PERMA framework with practical measurement, enabling comprehensive assessment of psychological well-being across multiple life dimensions.