Linganisha mbinu

	Open-Ended Political Response Coding	Political Knowledge Scale
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Siasa	Saikolojia ya Siasa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1952	1993
Mwanzilishi	American National Election Studies / Klaus Krippendorff	Michael Delli Carpini & Scott Keeter
Aina	Qualitative content coding	Factual knowledge battery
Chanzo asilia	Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780761915454	Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1993). Measuring political knowledge: Putting first things first. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 1179-1206.
Majina mbadala	Open-Ended Coding, Likes-Dislikes Coding, Verbatim Response Coding, Master Code Scheme	Civic Knowledge Battery, Factual Political Knowledge Index, Delli Carpini-Keeter Knowledge Items
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Open-ended political response coding is the systematic content analysis of verbatim survey answers, classically the American National Election Studies likes/dislikes about parties and candidates, into a categorical scheme so they can be analyzed quantitatively. It applies content-analysis methodology (Krippendorff, 2004) to capture the substance and sophistication of citizens' political thinking that closed-ended items cannot.	The Political Knowledge Scale measures the range of factual information about politics that citizens hold and can retrieve, operationalized as a battery of factual quiz items. Delli Carpini and Keeter (1993, 1996) established the canonical short batteries (often five items) and argued that general political knowledge, not domain-specific information, is the most useful and reliable construct for survey research.