Linganisha mbinu

	Uchunguzi Mtandaoni Usioshirikisha	Uchunguzi Shirikishi Mtandaoni
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 1990s–2000s	Late 1990s–2000s
Mwanzilishi	Christine Hine; Robert Kozinets (digital/online adaptation)	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert Kozinets (netnography)
Aina	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative data collection method
Chanzo asilia	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228	Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-0761958956
Majina mbadala	digital non-participant observation, passive online observation, covert online observation, online unobtrusive observation	virtual participant observation, digital ethnographic observation, cyber participant observation, internet participant observation
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Online non-participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher watches and records naturally occurring behaviour in digital settings — forums, social media platforms, chat groups, comment sections, or online communities — without joining, interacting with, or disclosing their presence to participants. The approach transplants the classical non-participant observation tradition into internet-mediated spaces, enabling study of authentic discourse and interaction as it unfolds organically.	Online participant observation is a qualitative data collection method in which the researcher enters a digital community or online environment — forums, social media groups, multiplayer games, virtual workplaces — both as a participant and as an observer, systematically documenting social interactions, practices, and meanings as they naturally unfold in the digital space.