Linganisha mbinu

	Uchunguzi Mtandaoni Usioshirikisha	Ukusanyaji wa Hati Mtandaoni
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 1990s–2000s	1990s–2000s (digital / web era)
Mwanzilishi	Christine Hine; Robert Kozinets (digital/online adaptation)	Adapted from traditional document analysis; digital form emerged with widespread internet adoption
Aina	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative / mixed-methods data collection technique
Chanzo asilia	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228	Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40.
Majina mbadala	digital non-participant observation, passive online observation, covert online observation, online unobtrusive observation	digital document collection, web document gathering, online archival data collection, digital records collection
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Online non-participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher watches and records naturally occurring behaviour in digital settings — forums, social media platforms, chat groups, comment sections, or online communities — without joining, interacting with, or disclosing their presence to participants. The approach transplants the classical non-participant observation tradition into internet-mediated spaces, enabling study of authentic discourse and interaction as it unfolds organically.	Online document collection is the systematic process of identifying, retrieving, and compiling digital documents — including web pages, institutional publications, social media posts, policy documents, and digital archives — as primary or supplementary research data. It extends classical document analysis into internet-mediated environments, enabling researchers to access large, geographically dispersed corpora without fieldwork travel or physical archive access.