Linganisha mbinu

	Dondoo za Uwanjani za Mtandaoni	Uchunguzi Shirikishi Mtandaoni
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1990s–2000s (digital extension of classical field notes practice)	Late 1990s–2000s
Mwanzilishi	Extended from ethnographic field note tradition (Emerson, Fretz & Shaw); digital adaptation via Kozinets and virtual ethnography scholars	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert Kozinets (netnography)
Aina	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative data collection method
Chanzo asilia	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2011). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206837	Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. SAGE Publications. ISBN: 978-0761958956
Majina mbadala	digital field notes, virtual field notes, e-field notes, netnographic field notes	virtual participant observation, digital ethnographic observation, cyber participant observation, internet participant observation
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Online field notes are structured, researcher-authored records of observations made within digital environments — social media platforms, online communities, virtual worlds, forums, and video-mediated spaces. Adapted from the classical ethnographic field note tradition, they capture not only what is observed but how the researcher interprets and situates those observations in real time, forming a primary data source for virtual ethnography and netnography.	Online participant observation is a qualitative data collection method in which the researcher enters a digital community or online environment — forums, social media groups, multiplayer games, virtual workplaces — both as a participant and as an observer, systematically documenting social interactions, practices, and meanings as they naturally unfold in the digital space.