Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Dondoo za Uwanjani za Mtandaoni× | Uchunguzi Mtandaoni Usioshirikisha× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Metodolojia ya Dodoso | Metodolojia ya Dodoso |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1990s–2000s (digital extension of classical field notes practice) | Late 1990s–2000s |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Extended from ethnographic field note tradition (Emerson, Fretz & Shaw); digital adaptation via Kozinets and virtual ethnography scholars | Christine Hine; Robert Kozinets (digital/online adaptation) |
| Aina | Qualitative data collection technique | Qualitative data collection technique |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2011). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206837 | Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228 |
| Majina mbadala | digital field notes, virtual field notes, e-field notes, netnographic field notes | digital non-participant observation, passive online observation, covert online observation, online unobtrusive observation |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 5 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Online field notes are structured, researcher-authored records of observations made within digital environments — social media platforms, online communities, virtual worlds, forums, and video-mediated spaces. Adapted from the classical ethnographic field note tradition, they capture not only what is observed but how the researcher interprets and situates those observations in real time, forming a primary data source for virtual ethnography and netnography. | Online non-participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher watches and records naturally occurring behaviour in digital settings — forums, social media platforms, chat groups, comment sections, or online communities — without joining, interacting with, or disclosing their presence to participants. The approach transplants the classical non-participant observation tradition into internet-mediated spaces, enabling study of authentic discourse and interaction as it unfolds organically. |
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