Linganisha mbinu

	Skala Mazingira ya Utekelezaji wa Kielelezo cha Kazi cha Uuguzi	Utafiti wa Hospitali Kuhusu Utamaduni wa Usalama wa Mgonjwa
Nyanja	Usimamizi wa Huduma za Afya	Usimamizi wa Huduma za Afya
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2002	2004
Mwanzilishi	Ellen T. Lake (University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing), based on foundational work by Kramer and Hafner (1989)	Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in collaboration with researchers at Westat, Inc.
Aina	Self-report	Self-report
Chanzo asilia	Lake, E. T. (2002). Development of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. Research in Nursing & Health, 25(3), 176–188.	Sorra, J. S., & Dyer, N. (2010). Multilevel analysis of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. BMJ Quality & Safety, 19(5), 413–417.
Majina mbadala	PES-NWI, NWI-R	HSOPS
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) is a 31-item instrument designed to measure nurses' perceptions of their practice environment, particularly factors related to autonomy, control over practice, and organizational support. Developed by Lake in 2002 and based on foundational work by Kramer and Hafner, the PES-NWI assesses five key domains: nursing foundations for quality care, staffing and resource adequacy, collegial nurse–physician relationships, nurse manager ability and support, and organizational support for nursing. It is widely used in hospital quality and nursing research to identify environmental factors associated with nurse satisfaction, retention, and patient safety outcomes.	The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) is a 42-item standardized instrument developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to measure patient safety culture in hospital settings. First released in 2004 and revised in 2018, the HSOPS assesses 12 composite dimensions of safety culture across organizational, unit, and individual levels. It is one of the most frequently used and publicly reported safety culture measures, with data from over 1,000 hospitals contributing to AHRQ's national benchmarking database.