Linganisha mbinu

	Uundaji wa Niche	Uchambuzi wa Topolojia ya Mtandao wa Chakula
Nyanja	Ikolojia	Ikolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1999	2000
Mwanzilishi	Steven Phillips and David Stockwell	Richard Williams and Neo Martinez
Aina	species distribution prediction	ecological network characterization
Chanzo asilia	Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P., & Schapire, R. E. (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190(3-4), 231-259.	Dunne, J. A., Williams, R. J., & Martinez, N. D. (2002). Network structure and robustness of marine food webs. The American Naturalist, 160(1), 117-129.
Majina mbadala	species distribution modeling, habitat suitability modeling, ecological niche model, MaxEnt	food web structure, network topology, trophic network, food chain analysis
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Niche modeling, also called species distribution modeling (SDM), predicts the geographic range and habitat suitability of species using presence-only or presence-background occurrence data and environmental variables. MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy, Phillips et al. 2006) and GARP (Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction, Stockwell & Peters 1999) are two prominent algorithms. These methods identify the environmental conditions under which species are likely to occur, enabling prediction of distribution beyond sampled areas and assessment of habitat suitability across landscapes.	Food web topology analysis characterizes the structure of predator-prey interactions within ecological communities using network metrics. Pioneered by Williams and Martinez (2000) and extended by Dunne and colleagues (2002), this approach maps which species eat which and quantifies network properties (connectivity, clustering, robustness). Understanding food web structure reveals how ecosystems are organized, how stable they are to species loss, and what roles different species play in ecosystem function.