Linganisha mbinu

	Kielelezo cha Ulemavu wa Shingo	Kipimo cha Matokeo ya DASH	Kipimo cha Osteoarthritis cha WOMAC
Nyanja	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1991	1996	1988
Mwanzilishi	Vernon, Mior	Hudak, Amadio, Bombardier	Bellamy, Buchanan, Goldsmith
Aina	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure
Chanzo asilia	Vernon, H., & Mior, S. (1991). The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and responsiveness. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 14(7), 409–415.	Hudak, P. L., Amadio, P. C., & Bombardier, C. (1996). Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand). American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 29(6), 602–608.	Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Campbell, J., & Stitt, L. W. (1988). Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Journal of Rheumatology, 15(12), 1833–1840.
Majina mbadala	NDI, NDI Scale, Neck Disability Questionnaire	DASH, QuickDASH	WOMAC Scale, WOMAC Arthritis Index
Zinazohusiana	3	4	4
Muhtasari	The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is a 10-item patient-reported outcome measure assessing the impact of neck pain and dysfunction on daily activities and quality of life. Developed by Vernon and Mior in 1991, NDI is the most widely used outcome measure in neck pain research and clinical practice, applicable to acute whiplash, cervical radiculopathy, chronic neck pain, and post-operative cervical conditions.	The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) is a 30-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure physical disability and symptoms in patients with upper extremity disorders. Developed by Hudak, Amadio, and Bombardier in 1996, the DASH has become the most widely used patient-reported outcome measure for assessing disability and functional impact in shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand conditions.	The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) is a widely used patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Developed by Bellamy and colleagues in 1988, it has become the gold standard outcome measure in osteoarthritis clinical trials and practice.