Linganisha mbinu

	Jaribio la Asili	Tofauti-katika-Tofauti (Diff-in-Diff)
Nyanja	Muundo wa Majaribio	Ekonometriki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1990s (formal methodological articulation); earlier in epidemiology (John Snow, 1854)	1994
Mwanzilishi	Varied; systematized in econometrics and political science (e.g., Meyer 1995; Angrist & Krueger 1991)	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)
Aina	Quasi-experimental research design	Causal inference / panel regression
Chanzo asilia	Meyer, B. D. (1995). Natural and quasi-experiments in economics. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13(2), 151–161.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355
Majina mbadala	natural quasi-experiment, naturally occurring experiment, exogenous shock design, as-if randomization	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)
Zinazohusiana	3	5
Muhtasari	A natural experiment exploits a real-world event, policy, or circumstance that assigns individuals to treatment and control conditions in a way that is plausibly random — or at least exogenous to the outcome of interest. Because the researcher does not control assignment, it occupies a middle ground between a true randomized controlled trial and purely observational research, offering stronger causal leverage than conventional observational designs when the as-if randomization assumption holds.	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.