Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Upimaji wa Miundo Mingi	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Muundo wa Utafiti	Saikometriki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1970s–1980s (multivariate model testing as a distinct approach)	1969
Mwanzilishi	Karl Jöreskog (SEM/LISREL framework); Barbara Tabachnick & Linda Fidell (multivariate methods synthesis)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Quantitative confirmatory research design	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th ed.). Pearson. ISBN: 978-0134790541	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	multivariate model testing, multivariate structural testing, multivariate confirmatory modeling, MVMT research	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	Multivariate model testing research is a confirmatory quantitative design in which a theoretically derived model involving multiple variables and their interrelationships is formally tested against empirical data. Rather than exploring patterns inductively, the researcher specifies a model a priori — capturing hypothesized directional paths, latent constructs, or covariance structures — and then evaluates how well this model reproduces the observed data using techniques such as structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis, or multivariate path analysis.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.